Indonesia's First Locomotives

Semarang, 22 June 1865: NIS 1 - Indonesia’s first locomotive – starts its service

Though the first railway line in Indonesia, between Semarang and Tanggung, was only officially opened on 10 August 1867, in 1863 the Netherlands-Indies Railway Company (Nederlandsch-Indische Spoorwegmaatschappij – NIS) had already put orders for two locomotives from Borsig, Berlin. These two locomotives were intended for the Kedungjati – Willem I (Ambarawa) line, which in some parts had gradients of 2.8 percent. At that time Borsig engines were already widely used in the Netherlands.

Exactly one year later the two locomotives were ready and sent to Semarang. On 22 June 1865 these two first Indonesian engines were operational, carrying the numbers NIS 1 and NIS 2 respectively. As the tracks were still being constructed, the two engines were enlisted to speed up the work, and at the same time to train the personnel who will be responsible for the operation and maintenance of the machines. It should be noted that in his book “De Stoomtractie op Java en Sumatra” JJG Oegema mentions that by 1868 the NIS had already had natives engine drivers. The public viewed the new transportation mode with awe as well as fear. As Liem Thian Joe wrote in his book “Riwayat Semarang” (1933): “Publiek Priboemi dan Tionghoa pertjaja, itoe kepala spoor didjalanken dengan kekoeatan …… setan.” (“Both the Native and Chinese public believed that the engine was moved by the power of…… satan.”).

For the relatively flat Semarang – Surakarta – Yogyakarta route the NIS wanted to order four more locomotives from Borsig. But Borsig turned down the order because it still had many unfinished orders. NIS than turned to the renowned British locomotive manufacturer, Beyer Peacock of Manchester.

At the end of 1866 four Beyer Peacock engines arrived in Semarang and were given the serial numbers NIS 3 to NIS 6. Besides numbers, the four engines were given names: “JP de Bordes” (after the NIS chief engineer), “Merapi”, “Merbaboe” and “Lawoe” (the names of three Central Javanese volcanoes). On one side the names were written in Roman characters while on the other side in Javanese script. The locomotives were commissioned on 10 August 1867, the same date as the official opening of the Semarang–Tanggung line.

The performance of the Beyer Peacock engines pleased the NIS, so that in the following years NIS ordered tens of locomotives from the British company. Meanwhile, NIS also ordered three more Borsig engines especially for the Kedungjati-Ambarawa line.

Tjahjono Rahardjo


NIS 1 (right/kanan), Beyer Peacok (left/kiri)


Semarang, 22 Juni 1865: NIS 1 - lokomotif pertama di Indonesia - mulai bertugas

Meskipun jalur kereta api pertama di Indonesia, yaitu antara Semarang – Tanggung, baru diresmikan pada 10 Agustus 1867, pada 1863 perusahaan kereta api Nederlandsch-Indische Spoorweg Maatschappij (NIS) telah memesan dua buah lokomotif dari pabrik Borsig, Jerman. Kedua lokomotif itu direncanakan akan melayani jalur antara Kedungjati dan Willem I (Ambarawa) yang di beberapa tempat kemiringannya mencapai 2,8%. Ketika itu lokomotif-lokomotif buatan Borsig sudah banyak dipakai di Belanda.

Tepat setahun kemudian dua lokomotif tersebut selesai dibuat dan dikirim ke Semarang. Pada 22 Juni 1865 lokomotif pertama di Indonesia itu mulai dioperasikan, masing-masing dengan nomor seri NIS 1 dan NIS 2. Karena jalur kereta api pada waktu itu sedang dalam pembuatan, lokomotif baru itu dimanfaatkan untuk mempercepat pembangunan, sekaligus untuk melatih para petugas yang akan mengoperasikan dan memelihara lokomotif-lokomotif tersebut. Sebagai catatan, seperti ditulis dalam buku “ De Stoomtractie op Java en Sumatra” (1982) karangan JJG Oegema, pada 1868 NIS telah mempunyai masinis orang pribumi Indonesia. Alat transportasi baru itu disambut masyarakat dengan rasa kagum tapi sekaligus takut. Seperti ditulis Liem Thian Joe dalam buku “Riwayat Semarang” (1933): “Publiek Priboemi dan Tionghoa pertjaja, itoe kepala spoor didjalanken dengan kekoeatan …… setan.”

Untuk jalur Semarang – Surakarta – Yogyakarta yang relatif datar NIS memesan empat buah lokomotif lagi pada Borsig. Tapi Borsig tidak sangup memenuhi pesanan tersebut karena banyaknya pesanan lain yang masih harus diselesaikan. Kemudian NIS menengok ke Beyer Peacock, perusahaan pembuat lokomotif terkenal di Manchester, Inggris.
Pada akhir 1866 empat lokomotif Beyer Peacock itu tiba di Semarang dan mendapat nomor seri NIS 3 – 6. Selain nomor, keempat lokomotif itu juga diberi nama, masing-masing “ JP de BORDES” (hoofdingénieur NIS), “MERAPI”, “MERBABOE” dan “LAWOE”. Nama-nama tersebut pada satu sisi lokomotif ditulis dalam aksara latin, pada sisi lain dalam aksara jawa. Penggunaan keempat lokomotif diresmikan pada 10 Agustus 1867, bersamaan dengan pembukaan jalur Semarang – Tanggung.

Kinerja lokomotif-lokomotif Beyer Peacock ini sangat memuaskan, sehingga NIS pada tahun-tahun berikutnya memesan puluhan lagi lokomotif dari perusahaan Inggris itu. Sementara pada 1870 NIS memesan tiga buah lokomotif lagi dari Borsig khusus untuk melayani jalur Kedungjati – Ambarawa.

Tjahjono Rahardjo

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